Clinical examinations have made several advancements in understanding the molecular foundations that drive the neoplastic transformation. In this regard, the primary condition for treatment success is a precocious diagnosis, which could be during the preclinical stage. Endoscopic, radiological, and clinical examinations can be ineffective. They can be risky and invasive, so efforts are made to detect early tumor using biochemical or biological tests, such as Pseudouridine.
Researchers have found that detecting blood plasma pseudouridine, specifically regarding creatinine, is an important biochemical indicator for the speedy turnover of nucleic acids associated with neoplastic growth. Researchers also observed the most prominent response to blood plasma levels of Pseudouridine in the initial stages of malignant growth, which is a characteristic sign of patients with chronic leukaemia as well as cancers of the large intestine.
Role of Pseudouridine in Malignant Tumors
Pseudouridine (PU) is mainly found in RNA, particularly the tRNA. In the course of the nucleoside-phosphorylase, uracil and the ribose create uracil nucleoside and later produce the uracil nucleotide via the phosphokinase.
Pseudouridine synthase transforms uridine at specific points in the molecular chain of tRNA to Pseudouridine. Pseudouridine is the end product of the degradation of tRNA. After tRNA degrades, Pseudouridine cannot be used again and is eliminated into the urine as a whole molecule.
Studies have revealed that cancer patients suffering from malignant tumors like thyroid cancer, nasopharyngeal cancer, lung cancer, liver cancer, and breast gastric cancer lymphocytic leukemia typically have high levels of nucleosides modified, particularly Pseudouridine, both in the blood and in urine. Thus, we can use Pseudouridine as a cancer marker to determine the diagnosis and assess prognosis and monitor various malignant conditions.
Detection Methods
We use methods to accomplish Pseudouridine using immunoassays or fluorescence analysis, gas chromatography, and high-performance liquid chromatography. The benefit of gas chromatography in finding Pseudouridine is that it is fast and sensitive; however, each operation must be standardized to ensure that the results differ significantly and the equipment will become costlier.
The technique of fluorescence analysis has high sensitivity and selectivity; however, there are a variety of interfering factors. The immunoassay technique utilizes specific antibodies to examine the presence of Pseudouridine in blood and urine. This method doesn’t require any special preparation of the samples, making the identification of Pseudouridine much more efficient, precise, specific, and sensitive.
However, the specific antibodies aren’t easy to make; there’s a cross-reaction between uridine and serum. Therefore, we use liquid chromatography with high performance to determine Pseudouridine. It offers advantages in terms of the accuracy, sensitivity, speed, and samples required.
The clinical significance of pseudouridine detection
Pseudouridine is an early marker of tumors for diagnosis, differential diagnosis, and surveillance of tumor growth and recurrence. It also helps determine prognosis and curative effects and is suitable for clinical use.
Prostate cancer (PCa) is a significant public health issue in developed western countries. According to clinical examination, 11.2 percent of people suffer from PCa throughout their lives. So, we commonly use the current standard of prostate-specific antigen (PSA) to screen for PCa and identify it. However, the rate of success of these tests is less than 15 percent. This is why it is crucial to identify precise and new indicators of cancer to identify PCa.
Researchers have examined the possible predictive value of Pseudouridine for finding out the progress of prostate cancer to an advanced stage and speculated that it could serve as a biomarker. This study shows elevated levels of the drug in prostate cancer. Therefore, it is possible to become a biomarker for prostate cancer’s progression.
The amount of Pseudouridine present in urine and serum of patients who have the primary cancer of their liver is considerably more significant than the levels of benign liver tumors cirrhosis in ordinary people. In addition, the widely utilized cancer marker AFP is not correlated with Pseudouridine. Thus, Pseudouridine is a possible screening marker for primary liver cancer. Furthermore, its combination together with AFP could increase the probability of a positive diagnosis of the primary liver cancer liver.
The amount of Pseudouridine present in the urine and blood of patients with bladder cancer, esophageal cancer, lung cancer, gastric cancer, and lymphocytic leukemia is substantially greater than in normal people. Therefore, it has statistical significance, cancer diagnosis, and application value.
The amount of Pseudouridine present in the serum increases gradually with the development and occurrence of tumors. Therefore, monitoring the level of the drug in the serum can detect tumor recurrence and assess the effectiveness of treatment and prognosis of the tumor. The extent of elevated urine and serum levels of Pseudouridine in patients suffering from colorectal and gastric cancer could be linked with the degree of the tumor. The higher the level of elevation, the more severe the differentiation of the tumor or metastatic lymph nodes.
mRNA Vaccines using Pseudouridine
The rapid development of vaccines that harness the power of messenger RNA (or mRNA) has been a bright spot in this COVID-19 pandemic. Although mRNA vaccines may seem new, researchers have developed the technology for many decades. For example, Moderna’s and Pfizer’s coronavirus vaccines have shown the enormous potential of mRNA therapies to treat various diseases.
Another important feature of Pfizer-BioNTech, as well as the Moderna coronavirus vaccines, is their use of modified mRNA. The mRNA used in these vaccines contains Pseudouridine, which is a variant of a natural nucleoside. Nucleosides are the basic building blocks of mRNA. The sequence of nucleosides that they are in determines the directions that mRNA sends to the machinery for making proteins in cells.
The pseudouridine modification makes the mRNA almost invisible to the immune system. The modification doesn’t change the functions of the mRNA, but it can improve the effectiveness of vaccines.
Unfortunately, it took us a pandemic to broadly accept the mRNA vaccines using pseudouridine among the scientific community.
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Wrapping Up
In conclusion, Pseudouridine as a marker for tumors has its own importance in diagnosing differential diagnosis, the surveillance of development and occurrence, and the prognosis and curative effects of malignant tumors in various forms. Finding the level of Pseudouridine in serum, urine, and tumor tissues together with other cancer markers like AFP can significantly improve the rate of diagnosis for cancers, particularly the rate of early diagnosis. As scientists continue to research, they can further comprehend tumors and give a foundation for cancer diagnosis and treatments.
Moreover, Chemily Bio understands how to be a part of the manufacturing industry. You require a partner who can help you tackle your issues and offer a service at an affordable price. If you’re looking to source chemicals from across the world or offering solutions for chemical services, we’re here to assist you in managing your business.
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